Before Computers there were

Scaccarium – A chequered cloth resembling a chess-board which covered the table in the exchequer, and on which, when certain of the king’s accounts were made up, the sums were marked and scored with counters The Medieval counting table was covered in a  checkered...

Before Computers there were

The abacus, originated in ancient Babylon, is a calculating tool with beads that slide on rods or wires, was in use in the ancient Near East, including regions where Arabic mathematics flourished, says UCDA Design Conference. Structure: An abacus typically features a...

Before Computers there were

Excluding counting on the fingers, counting boards are the earliest known counting device, and a precursor of the abacus. Dust boards were used as counting tools: Dust boards, which were essentially tablets covered with a thin layer of dust or sand, served a similar...

S Corporation Owner Basis Limitations

S corporation shareholders encounter particular restrictions on the amount of losses and deductions they are permitted to claim on their individual income tax returns. These constraints are primarily governed by the concept of basis, which represents a shareholder’s...

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